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Lots of other Scientologist-run businesses and companies come from the umbrella company World Institute of Scientology Enterprises (WISE), which licenses using Hubbard's management doctrines, and circulates directory sites of WISE-affiliated organizations. WISE requires those who want to end up being Hubbard management seeks advice from to finish training in Hubbard's administrative systems; this training can be carried out at any Church of Scientology, or at one of the schools of the Hubbard College of Administration, which provides an Associate of Applied Science Degree.
This area requires expansion. You can assist by including to it. In order to facilitate the continued growth of Scientology, the Church has made efforts to win allies in the form of effective or reputable individuals. Church of Scientology Perth. Though it has attained some reliability as a faith in numerous nations, Scientology has likewise been referred to as both a cult and a commercial enterprise.
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For example, it has been kept in mind to engage in harassment and abuse of civil courts to silence its critics, by identifying as Fair Game people it views as its enemies. In 1979, a number of Scientology members were founded guilty for their involvement in the church's Operation Snow White, the biggest theft of federal government documents in U.S.
Scientologists were likewise convicted of scams, manslaughter and damaging witnesses in French cases, destructive libel against attorney Casey Hill and espionage in Canada. In his book World Religions in America, religious scholar Jacob Neusner states that Scientology's "high level of visibility" might be viewed as "threatening to established social organizations".
From 1952 till 1966, Scientology was administered by an organization called the Hubbard Association of Scientologists (HAS ACTUALLY), established in Arizona on September 10, 1952. In 1954, the HAS became the HASI (HAS International). The Church of Scientology was integrated in California on February 18, 1954, altering its name to "The Church of Scientology of California" (CSC) in 1956.
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In 1967, the IRS stripped all US-based Scientology entities of their tax exemption, stating Scientology's activities were industrial and run for the benefit of Hubbard. Debate followed the church on those years, but its growth continued in the 1960s. New churches were formed in Paris (1959 ), Denmark (1968 ), Sweden (1969 ), and Germany (1970 ).
Centers of Scientology remained in 52 nations by the time the 80s was available in and grew to 74 by 1992. The church took legal action against and lost consistently for 26 years trying to restore its tax-exempt status. The case was ultimately settled in 1993, at which time the church paid $12. 5 million to the IRSgreatly less than IRS had at first demandedand the IRS recognized the church as a tax-exempt not-for-profit company.
Scientology mentions its tax exemption as evidence the United States federal government accepts it as a religion. In January 2009, removal of the tax exemption was rated as number 9 in items for the incoming Barack Obama administration to investigate, as figured out in an internet poll run by the presidential shift group getting public input for the inbound administration.
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Ron Hubbard designated Mary Sue Hubbard to take control of particular elements of legal defense for the CoS in 1968 and the Office of The Guardian was produced with its head office situated at Saint Hill Manor - Church of Scientology Perth. Under The i was reading this Guardian's Office (later relabelled the Workplace of Unique Affairs or OSA), Church members and contracted staff from Bureau One later organized and devoted among the biggest penetration of United States federal firms ever committed by an organization not affiliated with a foreign government (that is, one such as the KGB).
In the trial which followed the discovery of these activities the prosecution described their actions as such: The criminal offense dedicated by these accuseds is of a breadth and scope previously unusual. No structure, office, desk, or file was safe from their sleuthing and prying. No person or company was complimentary from their despicable conspiratorial minds.
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The Church has also in the past utilized aggressive strategies in addressing those it sees as attempting to reduce them, referred to as Suppressive Individuals (SPs) initially detailed by Hubbard as part of a policy called level playing field. Church of Scientology this content Perth. It was under this policy that Paulette Cooper was targeted for having actually authored, a 1970 expos book about the Church and its founder.
Utilizing blank paper known to have been managed by Cooper, Scientologists forged bomb threats in her name. When finger prints on them matched hers, the Justice Department began prosecution, which could have sent Cooper to prison for a lengthy term. The Church's plan was found at the very same time as its Operation Snow White actions were exposed.